Linguagem e ideologia : o conceito de signo ideológico do Círculo de Bakhtin em discursos populistas no Brasil

Abstract

This dissertation is an analysis of discourses that present elements of populist rhetoric based on the concept of ideological sign in the studies of the Bakhtin Circle. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the differences in meaning of some similar terms used in discourses featuring populist rhetoric, presented by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Jair Messias Bolsonaro, resulting from divergent ideological biases, through the notion of ideological sign. By analyzing populist discourses in Brazil, based on the theoretical studies of the Bakhtin Circle and Ernesto Laclau, this research examines the signs utilized in these discourses and the ideology that constitutes them. The study is organized in three parts. The first section presents the concept of populism based on the studies of Ernesto Laclau (2008), who considers populism as a political logic grounded in the construction of the "people" and features linguistic elements such as the empty and floating signifier in its discourses. The second section revisits the studies of the Bakhtin Circle, especially the concept of ideological sign and the notion that language is constitutive of ideology, as well as presenting the idea that the social horizon of individuals directly impacts the comprehension of a discourse. Finally, the last section establishes a relationship between the studies of the Bakhtin Circle and Ernesto Laclau, offering a historical and political contextualization of Lula and Bolsonaro. Then, the discourses of these political leaders are analyzed, using as a corpus official speeches delivered during their terms in office. The analysis combines the theory of the Bakhtin Circle with Laclau's perspective on populism, considering that signs are ideological and always carry a perception of reality, inevitably constructed under the influence of the social context in which the discourse is produced. [resumo fornecido pelo autor]