Justiça intergeracional : uma fundamentação à luz da teoria ética da responsabilidade em Hans Jonas

Abstract

This research aims to defend the thesis that an intergenerational justice between non-contemporary generations, in addition to being necessary, may be better based on a foundational ethical theory transcendental than on theories of coherentist nature that try to escape, above all, the appeal to metaphysics.The main hypothesis is that the theory of responsibility of the philosopher Hans Jonas presents itself as an alternative to this purpose. The effort, throughout this work, is directed to the production of arguments that collaborate in support of this thesis. In this path, he predominantly uses dialectical and hermeneutic methods. It is dialectical, insofar as it seeks to oppose two strands of philosophical thought - those that are supposedly contrary to the idea of a justice of this temporal scope and those that are in favor - and, also, to the extent that those positions that are in favor are confronted, but which differ in their forms of reasoning, namely, the coherentist and the foundationalist. It is also Hermeneutical, insofar as it is intended to extract the most precise interpretation possible from the theoretical references used, in particular, the thoughts of Hans Jonas and John Rawls. Thus, the first chapter seeks to analyze the real need for intergenerational justice, based on a biased critical judgment of philosophical, political, economic and techno-scientific positions, which greatly influence current human behavior and which, from a pessimistic perspective, represent a strong threat to future generations and to the very idea of an applicable intergenerational justice. In the second chapter, a critique of Rawls' supposedly coherentist theory is promoted, in order to point out its weaknesses with regard to its well-intentioned use for the intertemporal context. The intention in this chapter is to promote a dialogue with Jonas (thesis) and make a counterpoint to Rawls (antithesis). The American philosopher is the author of the theory of justice of equity, currently considered by a large part of the academic world as being the most effective basis of coherentist nature directed to the intergenerational context. It seeks to contest its potentiality and show some of its deficiencies and gaps, in order to reinforce the possibility of another theoretical alternative, based on an ethics of metaphysical inclination. Finally, in the last chapter, we try to strengthen Jonas' theory as a forceful choice to the problem of the foundation and effectiveness of an intergenerational justice. In this sense, the hypothesis that is announced is that the most promising way to ensure that, at least, injustices are not committed between generations, especially those of the future, is the one that promotes a greater guarantee of the continuity of the experience of life. Beyond physical existence, what is at stake is, above all, the continuity of the idea of man, of a being who is already human, free, conscious and responsible. The prevalence of being over non-being occurs because being is something naturally good, which is realized, historically, and independently of the will of man. For this reason, life is a valuable, objective good, which implies the demand for a responsibility that must be assumed by the only being who can act consciously, freely and, therefore, responsibly on the world. [resumo fornecido pelo autor]