Avaliação multicritério de topologias de máquinas elétricas para tração veicular

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable solutions has been driving the development of more efficient electric propulsion technologies. In this context, the electric traction machine constitutes a critical component in electric and hybrid vehicles, with its selection influenced by technical, economic, and environmental factors. Traditionally, permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM), with radial flux configuration, stand out for their high efficiency and power density, justifying their widespread adoption by automakers. However, the dependence on rare earth materials raises concerns regarding price volatility and supply security, encouraging the search for alternatives. This work proposes a multi-criteria approach for the comparative evaluation of electric machine topologies for vehicle traction, through the combined application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The methodology involves the definition of seven evaluation criteria (efficiency, power density, field-weakening operation, power factor, manufacturing cost, among others), the assignment of importance weights, and the systematic ranking of alternatives. Five topologies were analyzed: induction motor (IM), permanent magnet synchronous motor with radial flux (PMSM), synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM), permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM), and permanent magnet synchronous motor with axial flux (AFPM). The results indicated a preference for the PMa-SynRM topology for light vehicles (57%), for the SynRM topology for heavy vehicles (61%), and for the AFPM topology for in-wheel applications (62%). The analysis highlights the competitive potential of alternatives less dependent on rare earth materials in specific scenarios, confirming the effectiveness of the AHP-TOPSIS approach as a tool for the informed selection of electric machine topologies in the context of electric mobility. [resumo fornecido pelo autor]