As condições ontológicas para o ser-ético-no-mundo na filosofia de Martin Heidegger

Abstract

This work aims to identify in the ontological structure of Dasein the elements that make possible an understanding of being-ethical-in-the-world based on Martin Heidegger's thought. It is intended initially to outline the question of ethics taking as starting point the existential condition of Dasein, putting in evidence the character of being-in-the-world as an attempt of overcoming the metaphysical tradition. The heideggerian criticism towards western metaphysics shows a pre-reflexive sphere that was ocluded by tradition and that is shown as condition of possibility for a possible relation between ethics and existence. Thus it becomes necessary an explanation about the phenomenological-hermeneutic method that guides the investigation on Being and time and a justification why philosophical concepts must be conceived as formal indications, and develop a ground so ethics can be understood in relation to the concrete life without being submitted to objectification through universal concepts. On this perspective, ethics is inscribed in finitude of Dasein, and it is from existential finitude that it must be conceived. Upon allowing an understanding of itself as existential whole, the temporal finitude revealed in beingtowards- death makes possible for Dasein a relationship not only with death, but especially with life. Being-guilty, otherwise, as Heidegger explicitly defines in § 58 of Being and time, is an essential condition of possibility for the morally good and the morally bad, and it reveals itself as an opening for the relation between ontology and ethics, establishing itself as presupposition for the morality in general. Whereas lost in the they Dasein incurs in a mistaken understanding of itself, the call of conscience calls it to recognize himself as being-guilty and responsible for his own being. On this path, to understand correctly the call of conscience, what is expressed through wanting-to-have-a-conscience, is what makes possible the freedom to choose himself and then to assume the responsibility for its own choices. In resolution Dasein recognizes the correct way to undestand the call of conscience and what the ethical mode of being entails ontologically from Dasein, both in relation to himself as in relation to the other. The answer to the call of conscience may be understood as an answer to the call of ethics, what makes possible to Dasein recognize himself in its singularity e in its particular concrete situation in the world, making possible for the first time an authentic and solicitous relationship with the other, and allowing an understanding of what might be called being-ethical-in-the-world.