Continuidades e respostas à questão agrária: as diretrizes ambientais da política agrária brasileira

Abstract

The base of Brazilian society is sustained by a historically unresolved conflict. The forms of appropriation of nature and the land, which base the production and reproduction of the Brazilian people's means of existence, are based on the refunctionalization of pre-capitalist productive relations with capitalist forms of commodification. This is an essential feature of the Brazilian agrarian question: the blocking of social change on the footing that the archaic and the modern can coexist. Under this contradictory structure, colonial relations were transmuted into dependence, based, above all, on the agrarian economy. It is in this scenario that agrarian policies assume their locus of action. These policies focus on land, food and financial issues, among others, and essentially aim to regulate the legitimate forms of land appropriation and its income. In this context, the present work seeks, through the focus of popular agrarian policies, of national scope, between the period from 1850 to 2021, to capture the movements of Brazilian agrarian policy, from the identification of the most significant interventions in its political superstructures. , in order to understand to what extent these prescriptions cover environmental guidelines and, based on them, guide potential responses to expressions of the agrarian question. The method used was analytical, based on the orientation of Kosik's Dialectic of Concrete (1995) and Discursive Textual Analysis (2007). As a methodological strategy, a bibliographic and documental layer was outlined, which was analyzed exhaustively, based on the definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The document stratum was approached quantitatively and qualitatively, from two specific groups. The qualitative approach was based on verifying the incidence of environmental policies that, in some way, absorbed environmental guidelines. The qualitative approach, on the other hand, problematized how these guidelines were included in these policies. It is argued that the agrarian policy served as an instrument of continuity of the expressions of the agrarian question, legitimizing the refunctionalization of pre-capitalist sociabilities as support of dependent capitalism. This refunctionalization process also occurred with the environmental guidelines of agrarian policies, which had their potential to respond to the agrarian question reduced in the face of the hegemonization of neoliberalism and the fall of structural proposals for agrarian reform. Land reform, in this context, appears as the policy with the greatest potential to respond to the expressions of the agrarian question, in addition to having consolidated itself as the agrarian policy of greater porosity to environmental guidelines, largely due to the claims of social movements around this agenda. Therefore, although not completely, agrarian policies absorbed relative environmental instruments in their propositions, so that they assumed, at a given moment, the potential to respond to the environmental expressions of the agrarian question. However, they had little impact on the concrete modification of the dependent agrarian reality. In this sense, the articulation between environmental protection and the democratization of Brazilian society, based on the agrarian question, necessarily involves the strengthening of land agrarian policies and their environmental guidelines in a project of society that aims, above all, at the emancipation of workers through production to meet the not-capitalist social needs. [resumo fornecido pelo autor]