Bioatividade de extratos de três espécies de Solanum sobre Cryptotermes brevis e Spodoptera frugiperda

Abstract

Two of the major pests that damage property and cultural goods as well as threaten crop productivity and yields are Cryptotermes brevis (dry-wood-termite) and Spodoptera frugiperda (fall-armyworm-cartridge).Looking for new and natural sources to control them, we investigated the antiinsect activity of three american Solanum species on these two pests. The genus Solanum is one of the most diverse in South America and many of its representative s biosynthesed different chemical compounds with proven bioactivity against insect pests. In the present study, the antifeedant and repellent effects on C. brevis of dichloromethane, dichloromethane/acetone (enriched fraction sugar esters) and aqueous/alcoholic extract obtained from Solanum bonariense, Solanum bistellatum and Solanum sisymbrifolium were evaluated. The extracts from the three plant species showed antifeedant and repellent effect against C. brevis, especially dichloromethane and dichloromethane / acetone extracts from S. sisymbrifolium and S. bistellaltum. The results obtained from these extracts of the three evaluated species indicate the presence of bioactive compounds with potential bioactivity against C. brevis. We also evaluated the effect of dichloromethane and dichloromethane/acetone extracts from S. bonariense and S. sisymbrifolium and the two major compounds I and II (sugar esters) isolated from the dichloromethane / acetone extract of S. sisymbrifolium on the development of S. frugiperda. In the tests performed with S. frugiperda it was observed that the addition of S. sisymbrifolium extracts affected the number of larval instars, and the dichloromethane extract had less effect on the larval stage and a pronounced effect on the pupae. The S. sisymbrifolium dichloromethane/acetone extract affected more than the larval pupae and induced a decrease in survival with a dose dependent response. The dichloromethane S. bonariense extract did not affect the number of larval instars but minimally influenced the S. frugiperda larval and pupal behaviour, however the dichloromethane / acetone extract affects the number of larval instars, and the larval, pupal and total development were less affected. The most effective extract evaluated against S. frugiperda was the S. sisymbrifolium dichloromethane/acetone extract representing an enriched fraction of sugar esters. Two major components were isolated: I and II, they were also evaluated on S. frugiperda and proved to be highly toxic to fall-armyworm-cartridge larvae from with 0.46% overall survival at concentration 2.5 mg / mL for compound I, and 11.11% overall survival at concentration 1 mg / mL for compound II. These isolated compounds also affected the metamorphosis of the caterpillar to the pupa stage. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds from the species S. sisymbrifolium and S. bistellatum was performed using NMR and Gas Chromatography. In both species the presence of esters of sugars was determined; a disaccharide esterified with long chain fatty acid, mainly palmitic and hidroxipalmitic acid. The discovery of bioactive substances represents an alternative to the use of natural insecticides in pests control that gave higher safety and environmental sustainability.