Avaliação do potencial de controle biológico de Guignardia citricarpa (Kiely) fitopatógeno de citros com isolados de Trichoderma SPP

Abstract

The culture of citrus is produced worldwide, being consumed in natura or as industrialized products. The citric fruits, such as the orange trees, host many pathogens. The black spot is one disease that affects the citrus culture and has as its usual cause agent Guignardia citricarpa Kiely. The black spot of citrus is more commonly controlled with synthetic pesticides, but this measure has caused undesirable consequences such as the increase of production costs, environment contamination, producers and consumer poisoning. Due to this fact, it is necessary the search for new alternatives of agricultural pesticides of low environmental impact. Since long time ago, several studies have shown the opposite action of several lineages of fungi of genre Trichoderma over other fungi. Although there are studies about the control of Guignardia citricarpa kiely with species of Trichoderma, it is known that the genetic variability of the antagonist and the pathogens show a significant consequence in the efficiency control. This paper has as its objective to evaluate the antagonist capacity of four lineages of Trichoderma spp in controlling Guignardia citricarpa, looking for the identification of isolated ones that could be applied in the citrus cropping in Rio Grande do Sul, with incidence of the black spot. For this study, antagonism tests and volatile compounds tests were carried out with lineages T1A, T4, T17 and T8 of Tricodema spp. Evaluation of enzyme chitinolytic with lineages T1A and T17and evaluation survival of conidium of isolated T1A and T17 de Trichoderma spp in the top part of seedling of orange trees of the Valencia type. The isolated T8, T4, T1A and T17 of Trichoderma spp. in coupled culture show faster speed growing than the isolated A49/11 of Guignardia citricarpa, the same lineages of coupled culture have developed mycoparasitism over the isolated A49/11 of Guignardia citricarpa. The isolated T8, T4, T1A and T17 of Trichoderma spp were capable of inhibiting the mycelia growing of isolated A49/11 of Guignardia citricarpa by emission of volatile metabolites. The isolated T1A and T17 of Trichoderma spp released active chitinases in the presence of non active mycelium of G. citricarpa and Trichoderma spp. The population of Trichoderma spp. sprayed in the top parts of plants sharply reduces in the period of thirty day, however it still maintains a concentration that can possibly acts as a biologic control agent. As a consequence the lineages of Trichoderma spp. used in this paper can be an alternative to synthetic pesticides to control the citrus black spot.