Uma investigação metaética a partir do conceito de forma(s) de vida em Wittgenstein

Abstract

The present work consists of a conceptual investigation whose aim is to analyze, from a metaethical perspective, the concept of Form(s) of Life (Lebensform) in the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Although this is a secondary concept in the author's thought, it acquires particular importance in the Philosophical Investigations and also maintains relevant connections with assumptions previously established in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Throughout the contemporary philosophical tradition, the notion of form of life has been interpreted in different ways, especially with regard to its implications for morality and for the epistemological status of moral judgments. On the one hand, there is an interpretation that emphasizes the multiplicity of forms of life, understood as expressions of different sociocultural contexts, which leads to a pluralist and relativist conception of morality, often associated with a non-cognitivist ethical epistemology. On the other hand, there is an interpretation that privileges the human form of life as a fundamental category, in contrast to other possible forms of life, allowing morality to be conceived in non-relativist terms and supporting a cognitivist moral epistemology. The dissertation aims to critically reconstruct these two interpretations, examining their assumptions and metaethical consequences, as well as their textual adequacy to Wittgenstein's works. On the basis of this analysis, it is argued that the interpretation which takes the human form of life as the foundation of linguistic and normative practices proves to be more consistent with Wittgenstein's philosophy, insofar as it allows for an understanding of moral objectivity without recourse to metaphysical foundations, while also avoiding its reduction to cultural relativism. It is thus concluded that the concept of form of life plays a decisive role in the possibility of a non-metaphysical moral objectivity within Wittgenstein's philosophy. [resumo fornecido pelo autor]