Regulação jurídica da destinação de resíduos de saúde: estudo de caso sobre a eficácia normativa na proteção ambiental em hospital de joão pessoa-PB

Abstract

The 1988 Federal Constitution of Brazil enshrines the environment as a fundamental right, assigning both the State and society the responsibility for its protection. In the context of public health, the proper management of Healthcare Waste (HCW) is essential not only to ensure sanitary safety but also to preserve environmental integrity. The correct segregation, packaging, storage, and final disposal of HCW is mandated by several legal regulations, such as ANVISA Resolution RDC No. 222/2018 and the National Solid Waste Policy (Law No. 12,305/2010). However, many healthcare institutions still face challenges in effectively implementing and monitoring these legal requirements. In this context, the present dissertation aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal regulation and waste disposal practices in a hospital located in João Pessoa, Paraíba (PB), investigating the main challenges faced in HCW management, its environmental and health impacts, and proposing viable solutions to improve such management. To achieve this, a qualitative case study with a descriptive and exploratory character was conducted at Hospital Nossa Senhora das Neves (HNSN), a reference medical institution in João Pessoa. Data collection involved document analysis of the Healthcare Waste Management Plan (PGRSS), interviews with hospital managers and technicians, on-site visits with photographic documentation, and the application of an evaluation instrument based on current legislation. The results showed that HNSN has an implemented PGRSS, with established routines for segregation, packaging, and storage of waste. The institution operates internal and external temporary storage shelters organized by waste group (general, infectious, and chemical), and employs technologies such as solidifiers for liquid waste. However, significant shortcomings were identified, including the absence of a legally qualified environmental professional as the plan?s responsible technician, lack of documented environmental licensing for both the hospital and its third-party service provider, the absence of an environmental monitoring program, and a lack of performance indicators. In addition, improper placement of general waste containers in sensitive areas?such as near refrigerators in inpatient suites?was observed, violating ANVISA regulations. In conclusion, despite some progress in HCW management, the hospital exhibits structural and regulatory weaknesses that hinder the full effectiveness of its PGRSS. It is recommended that the plan be revised to include performance indicators, the formal designation of a qualified environmental professional, detailed training actions, and the implementation of a continuous environmental education and monitoring program. These measures are essential to ensure legal compliance and promote more sustainable practices. [resumo fornecido pelo autor]