Sobre a possibilidade de constituição de uma pedagogia do problema

Abstract

The purpose of this investigation is to determine the possibility of constituting a theoretical discourse in order to epistemologically found an educational practice based on problematizing activity as an answer to the following research problem: is it possible to constitute a pedagogy based on problem, considering the epistemological implications of such proposal? It is embedded in the line of research for Philosophy of Education, in the Graduate Program in Education at the University of Caxias do Sul. Through the analysis of the utterances and interpretative analysis of theoretical references, a critical analysis was carried out on the concepts of pedagogy, education and problem, in order to produce wide understanding of these concepts, considering social and cultural aspects related to education and pedagogy, and the epistemological and existential aspects related to the problem. This analysis made it possible to elaborate a concept for pedagogy of problem as the theoretical principle of an educative practice in which the relationship with knowledge will take place by problematizing, which is expressed in a set of presumptions and general characteristics. Among others, theoretical support used was concerning the analysis of meaning for the terms pedagogy and education, works written by Fullat, Cambi, Aranha, Saussure, Barthes, Trabant, and Lyons. As for the relationship between education and the phenomenon of social and cultural reproduction, theoretical support used was mainly works by Durkheim, Herskovits, Althusser, and Bourdieu. Regarding the relationship between pedagogical thinking and the phenomenon of cultural changes, theoretical support came from texts written by Plato, Rousseau, Coménio, and Kant. For problem, as a philosophical and pedagogical issue, theory supporting the analysis was Plato´s dialogue Menon; Aristotle´s conceptions for dialectical problem and questions present in his Organon; the idea for asking, presented by Gadamer in Truth and Method; the implications of the theses proposed by Wittgenstein, concerning traditional philosophic problems and the classification as pseudo problems, as presented in Tractatus and his influence on Schlick and Carnap; the conception for problem presented by Popper in Conjectures and Refutations and The Logic of the Social Science; the conception of problem presented by Dewey in Logic: the theory of inquiry; and Bergson´s work. As a result, the intimate relationship between education, culture and science becomes evident, especially for the reproductive role that the first has in relation to the others. The fact that education catalyses the longings for social and cultural transformation, frequently expressed in pedagogical thinking. The methodological, gnoseological, and existential dimension of human´s predisposition towards asking, questioning, and problematizing. The intrinsic relation existing between problems and knowledge. The possibility of constituting a problematizing pedagogy that is epistemologically coherent. As a relevance, the pedagogical possibility of a problematizing educational practice allow the development of an investigative culture, that may be translated in greater material development (technological conquers) and immaterial development (conceptions, customs and values) for the society is presented.