Acanthamoeba spp. em ambientes hospitalares e acadêmicos do Rio Grande do Sul

Abstract

Protozoa of the genera Acanthamoeba are one of the most abundant free-living organisms. This microrganisms are found in a wide variety of natural habitats including water, soil, dust, vegetables, hospital units, ventilation areas and sewage. Some species of Acanthamoeba are considered opportunistic pathogens, and have been associated with cutaneous infections, keratitis, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), among other less frequent diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Acanthamoeba in community areas of academic and hospital units, and to determine their potential risk. Samples were collected from two hospitals and two universities of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Amoebas were isolated and characterized using morphological, physiological and genetic methods. Additionally, extracellular proteases variation and specificity was determined by zymogram analysis. The conventional detection and isolation of amoeba from clinical and environmental samples involves sampling and culture on non-nutrient Agar medium. Although efficient, this system requires several transfers in order to eliminate contaminants, and is not appropriate for the isolation of individual amoeba from samples with a biodiverse community. To solve this problem we developed an alternative method that involves sampling, enrichment, encystment induction, and direct cysts micromanipulation and culture on Agar plates. Using the conventional and alternative method, 429 samples from community areas of hospitals and universities were evaluated showing high prevalence of Acanthamoeba in both dry (13.77%) and humid (19.29%) environments. Most of this isolates (77.4%) were classified within group II, which includes the great majority of pathogenic species. Isolates exhibited temperature and pH tolerance, as well as resistance to disinfectants. These characteristics may contribute for the maintenance and proliferation of Acanthamoeba in the indoor environments, increasing the risk of people contamination. As extracellular proteases are considered one of the most important pathogenic factors of free-living amoeba, ten isolates were evaluated to determined proteases activity, patterns and specificity. Azocasein assays showed significant variation on the overall and specific protease activity in Acanthamoeba-conditioned media, independently of the pathogenic or nonpathogenic status of the species. The zymographic assays on gelatin co-polymerized gels showed three banding patterns for A. castellanii isolates, and specific profiles for other species. All the proteases secreted by A. castellanii, A. pearcei, and A. healyi were characterized as serine proteases, but only cisteine and metalloproteases were identified in A. astronyxis. Some extracellular proteases exhibited important activity on gelatin, fibrinogen and γ-globulin, and may be implicated in Acanthamoeba pathogenicity and host response.